佛波酯

PMA（同义名：TPA）是一种广泛用于体内外实验的佛波酯(phorbol ester) PKC激活剂。PMA结合PKC(Ki =2.6 nM)并激活其功能，在细胞和组织中都呈现出极其广的抑制谱。PMA可以抑制Fas诱导的细胞凋亡，但又可以诱导HL-60细胞的凋亡。PMA是一种高效的肿瘤促进剂，可以促进小鼠皮肤瘤的形成。尽管PMA毒性较强，但是在人体内仍显示出抗白血病和抗中性白细胞减少的活性。 

PMA (Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate) is a diester of phorbol and is a tumor promoting compound extracted from croton oil. It is a reversible, highly potent protein kinase C (PKC) activator in vitro and in vivo at nM concentrations. PMA’s effects on PKC are attributed to its similarity to diacylgylerol, a natural activator of PKC. PMA activates Ca²⁺-ATPase and potentiates forskolin-induced cAMP formation. It has been shown to inhibit apoptosis induced by the Fas antigen, but PMA induces apoptosis in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells.