无外泌体胎牛血清

Kv1.3 inhibition by PAP-1 reduces Aβ-containing exosome release from microglia triggered by lactate. (A) Experimental timeline for microglia incubation and exosome collection. (B) Representative electron micrograph displays morphology and size of exosomes from primary microglia. (C) Two examples of western blotting image of TSG101 and Aβ in exosome, and β-actin in cell lysate. (D) Quantification of Aβ (Left) and exosomal marker TSG101 (Right) levels in exosomes isolated from primary microglia culture medium, normalized to β-actin in cell lysates (n = 3 per group). (E-G) Nanoparticle tracking analysis of exosome size distribution (E, G) and concentration (F) secreted by Aβ-treated microglia with or without lactate and PAP-1 incubation (n = 6 per group). (H, I) Representative immunostaining images showing TSG101, Aβ expression (H) and Manders’ Coefficients analysis of co-localization between Aβ and TSG101 in Aβ treated microglia with or without lactate and PAP-1 stimulation (I) (n > 360 cells from 3 independent experiments per group).White arrows indicate the colocalization of exosome and Aβ. One-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc analysis for (D, F, I). Data are represented as mean ± SEM

Kv1.3 knockout blocks exosome release from microglia triggered by lactate and depression. (A) Schematic representation for primary microglia cultures from Kcna3-cKO and Kcna3-f/f mice. (B) Western blot verify the knockout efficiency of Kv1.3 in microglia (n = 4 per group). (C-E) Nanoparticle tracking analysis of exosome size distribution (C-D) and concentration (E) secreted by Aβ-treated cKO or f/f microglia with or without lactate stimulation (n = 6 per group). (F-G) Representative immunostaining images showing Iba1, TSG101, and Aβ expression (F) and quantification of TSG101+ voxels relative to Aβ voxels in the f/f; AD-LH+ and cKO; AD-LH+ groups (G) (n = 6 per group). Male mice are represented as filled circles and female mice as open circles. Representative images shown are from male mice. One-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc analysis for (E) or two-tailed unpaired t-test for (B, G). Data are represented as mean ± SEM

Identification of exosomes released by gastric cancer cells. (A–C) Morphological structures of exoAGS-TOB1, exo-AGS-Vector, and exo-HGC-27 (scale bar =100 nm). (D–F) Peak diameters and Brownian motion characteristics of purified exosomal particles from exo-AGS-TOB1, exo-AGS-Vector, and exoHGC-27. (G) Expression levels of the exosomal markers TSG101 and CD9 proteins as determined by western blot analysis.